人教高二英语下册Unit16知识辅导The United States of America
There is a lot of history connected with people settling in the
很多历史和定居美国的人们有关。
点拨:句中的 “settling in the USA” 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 “people”；相当于定语从句 “who settled in the USA”。其中 settle 是不及物动词，意思是“定居”。
settle vt.解决、决定；vt.& vi.算账，付账；vi.定居，安定下来
e.g.1.Let them settle the problem themselves.
让他们自己来解决这个问题。
e.g.2.That’s one thing settled anyway—a big load off my mind.
总算解决了一件事，我也去掉了一件心事。
e.g.3.The account is settled at the end of the year.每年年底结账。
e.g.4.We were soon comfortably settled in this place.
我们不久就在这个地方舒适地住下来了。
settler n.定居者 settlement n.定居地
settle down 坐下来；定居、安定下来；降临
settle in 安顿好、住进新居
settle on 就……达成协议
settle up 清账、了结
考考你：
1.Are you just back for a visit,or do you plan to settle and work here?
2.I have been very busy settling things about the training course.
3.They have finally settled the terms of the lease.
4.Darkness settled .
5.You must come and see our new house when we have settled .
答案： 1.down 2.up 3.on 4.down 5.in
Ever since the Civil War,the South has struggled to find ways to deal with its troubled past.
自内战以来，南部一直在努力想办法解决它伤痕累累的过去问题。
点拨:句中的struggle 是不及物动词，意思是“作斗争”。
e.g.1.They had to struggle with all kinds of difficulties.
他们不得不和各种各样的困难作斗争。
e.g.2.Martin Luther King,Jr.struggled for human rights for all the blacks all his life.
马丁·路德·金一生都在为黑人的人权而斗争。
注意:struggle 还有“挣扎、勉强支撑”的意思。
e.g.3.The old woman struggled along the road to her home.
老大娘硬撑着往家里走去。
e.g.4.He tried to struggle to his feet,but failed.
他挣扎着想站起来，但是站不起来。
点拨:deal with(相当于 see to)对付、和……打交道；处理；做买卖(deal with sb. in sth.)
e.g.1.I will get someone else to deal with them.我去另外找个人来对付他们。
e.g.2.Such problems may prove fatal if not properly dealt with.
这类问题如果处理不当，会造成极其严重的后果。
e.g.3.They dealt in silk goods.他们做丝绸买卖。
deal with 还有“论述、论及”的意思。
e.g.4.Some of the papers dealt with the treatment of bone fractures.
有些论文是讨论骨折治疗法的。
译一译：
1.这种人不好对付。
2.他们学会了处理各种问题。
3.我们和这家公司做了多年的买卖了。
4.在这本书里这个问题讲得不好。
答案：1.Such people are difficult to deal with.
2.They have learnt to deal with various problems.
3.We have dealt with that firm for many years.
4.The subject isn’t very well dealt with in this book.
Even today,the South is far behind the rest of the
甚至如今，美国南部在教育和经济发展方面仍远远落后于其他地区。
点拨:句中的 far 是程度副词，意思是“远远地……”。
e.g.The newspaper accounts are far from true.报纸的报道远非事实。
far into the night 至深夜
far back in history 很久以前
比较：My home is far away from the school.我的家离学校很远。
The result is far from satisfactory.结果远不令人满意。
Despite the hardships of the post-war years and the Depression,the people of
尽管冷战和大萧条时期的艰难困苦，亚特兰大的人民仍坚持在经济和社会各个方面发展这个地区。
点拨:despite prep.“不论、尽管”；相当于 “in spite of”。
e.g.1.They went out despite/in spite of the rain.尽管下雨，他们仍然外出了。
e.g.2.Despite/In spite of all his efforts,he failed.
他虽然做了各种努力，仍然失败了。
despite 还可以用作名词，构成 “despite of/in despite of” 短语，也和 “in spite of” 通用。
点拨:“hardship” 是派生词，意思是“艰苦”，其中后缀 “-ship” 表示性质、职业、身份、技能等。又如:
citizen 公民 citizenship 公民身份
friend 朋友 friendship 友谊
professor 教授 professorship 教授职位
leader 领导 leadership 领导
sportsman 运动员 sportsmanship 体育道德
marksman 射击手 marksmanship 射击术
seaman 海员 seamanship 航海技术
owner 主人 ownership 所有制
The injustices of the city and of the South led Dr King to organize non-violent demonstrations aimed at ending segregation.
南部城市的不公正使得
点拨:短语lead…to 的意思是“导致/使得、通向”，相当于 cause/result in/give rise to。
e.g.1.To be blind to this will lead to the gravest error.
看不到这一点，就会犯极大的错误。
e.g.2.All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
e.g.3.What led you to this conclusion?什么使你下此结论？
点拨:“non-violent” 是形容词，意思是“非暴力的”，由 “violent” 加前缀 “non-” 构成。 前缀 “non-” 加一个名词或形容词构成其反义的名词、形容词或副词。又如:
payment n. 付账 non-payment n. 不支付
moral adj. 道德的 non-moral adj. 非道德的
smoker n. 吸烟者 non-smoker n. 不吸烟者
smoking adj. 吸烟的 non-smoking adj. 无烟的
stop n.停止 non-stop adj./adv. 中途不停的
violence n.暴力 non-violence n. 非暴力
union n.工会 non-union adj. 没参加工会的
party n.政党 non-party adj. 无党派的
member n.成员 non-member adj. 非成员
The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Dr King was shot to death in 1968.
这座城市见证了20世纪60年代一系列黑人和白人之间的激烈斗争，
点拨:a series of “一系列的” ，其中series 是名词，意思是“连续、系列”等。
e.g.a series of stamps 一系列的邮票
a series of brilliant statesmen
一批卓越的政治家
a television series 一部电视连续剧
in series 成串联的；串联线路的
注意:当 a series of/a pair of/this kind of 等短语加名词作主语时，句中谓语动词用单数。
e.g.1.A series of repairs is going to be done next week.
下个星期将要进行一系列的修理工作。
e.g.2.There is a pair of shoes and some dirty socks under the bed.
床下有一双鞋和一些脏袜子。
点拨:句中的“…was shot to death…”的意思是“被枪杀致死”，其中介词“to”表示结果。又如:
e.g.1.The murderer was sentenced to death immediately.
谋杀犯被立即判处死刑。
e.g.2.The peasants burned the castles to the ground.农民们把城堡烧成了平地。
e.g.3.He was nearly beaten to death in the old days.在旧社会他差点被打死了。
His funeral was shown on television and millions of Americans watched as people marched through
他的葬礼在电视上播出，成百万的美国人观看了人们为了
点拨:短语“in honour of”的意思是“纪念”，其中 honour 是名词，“尊敬、荣幸”的意思。名词 honour 构成的短语还有:
do sb. honour/do honour to sb.向某人致敬
on one’s honour 以人格担保
an affair of honour 决斗
put sb. on his honour 使某人以人格担保
do sb. the honour of/have the honour of/to 给某人……之荣幸
Your Honour/His Honour 阁下
do the honours 尽地主之谊
honour vt.尊敬、给予荣誉；承认并如期支付
e.g.1.I feel highly honoured by the things you say about me.
你恭维我的话使我感到十分荣幸。
e.g.2.Will you honour me with a visit?
如蒙造访，十分荣幸。
Dr King’s efforts were not in vain,however.
然而，
点拨:in vain 无效果地、徒然；随便地、不尊敬地
e.g.All our work was in vain.我们的一切工作均归徒然。
take a person’s name in vain 不尊敬地使用某人的名字
try in vain to do sth. 试图做某事而无结果。
The South still has many problems to deal with,but the people there are determined to make a new beginning.
南部还有许多问题有待处理，但是那儿的人们都决心要有一个好的开端。
点拨:句中的“be determined to do sth.”的意思是“下定决心做某事”，相当于“make up one’s mind to do sth”。
动词determine (vt.) “决定、判断；决意、决心；下定决心”，和decide 的用法基本相同。
determine sth.
determine to do sth.
determine+疑问词+to do sth.
determine+that/when/what…
be determined to do sth.
be determined that sb. (should) do sth.
determine sb. to do sth. 使下定决心
e.g.1.It is man’s social being that determines his thinking.
人的社会存在决定人的思想意识。
e.g.2.I determined to be bold and speak the truth.我决心大胆地把真话讲出来。
e.g.3.We are determined to fulfill the task.我们决心完成这项工作。
e.g.4.He was determined that no one (should) know anything about it.
他下决心不让任何人知道这件事。
e.g.5.This determined him to act at once.这使他下决心马上采取行动。
determined adj. determination n.
e.g.6.Only by determined resistance could their country be saved.
只有坚决抵抗，他们的国家才能得救。
e.g.7.The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.
不根据语境判断一个词的意思常常是件难事。
译一译：
1.决定人类命运的正是人们自己。
2.你决定在哪儿过假期了吗？
3.她决意不按他的劝告办。
4.我们下定决心不再让这样的事情发生。
5.什么促使你决定接受他们的邀请？
6.威廉·哈特利是一个很顽强的人。
7.我离开了那里，决心再也不回去了。
答案：1.It is the people who/that will determine the destiny of mankind.
2.Have you determined where (you are going) to spend the holidays?
3.She was determined not to follow his advice.
4.We were determined that this should never be allowed to happen again.
5.What determined you to accept their invitation?
6.William Hartley was a person of great determination/a determined person.
7.I left the place,determined never to come back again.
Bison were killed for their meat,while their fur provided warm clothing during winters.
他们杀野牛，吃野牛肉，用野牛的毛皮制成冬季御寒的衣服。
点拨:bison 这个名词单复数同形，当它作主语时，要注意主谓一致。
e.g.The bison grows to a should-height of 1.5 metres and can weigh 1 100 kilograms.
野牛可以长到齐肩高1.5米，重达1100公斤。(其中the bison 是the + 可数名词单数形式，表示一个整体。)
已经学过的单复数同形的名词还有:deer,cattle,sheep,means 等。
点拨:clothing 是不可数名词，意思是“衣服(总称)”。“一件衣服”可以说 a piece of clothing 或 an article of clothing；“一套衣服” a suit of clothing。
比较：clothes 也是“衣服”的意思，但它是可数名词的复数形式，不能用具体的数量词修饰，即可以说 some clothes/many clothes 等，但不能说 one clothes/two clothes。当 clothes 用作主语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。
cloth 用作不可数名词，意思是“布、布料”，但当它用作“抹布、桌布”等的时候，则是可数名词，如：two table cloths 两块桌布。
Large groups of native Americans were forced to move away from their old hunting grounds.
成批的美洲土著人被迫从他们原来的狩猎场迁走。
点拨:force v.强迫、勉强；迫使 (后面常接带不定式的复合宾语结构，也可以接名词作简单宾语或带形容词的复合宾语结构。)
e.g.1.Do not force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.
写不出的时候不要硬写。
e.g.2.I was forced to postpone my visit.我被迫推迟这次访问。
e.g.3.Who do you think forced the door open?你认为是谁把门踢开的？
e.g.4.Love can not be forced.爱是不能强求的。
另外：force 还可以表示“迫使进入某种状态”，这时多跟介词短语或副词。
e.g.5.They were forced into a battle at a place picked by our army.
他们被迫在我军选定的地方作战。
点拨:句中的“hunting”是动名词，用作定语，修饰“grounds”。英语中现在分词和动名词都可以用作定语，但现在分词作定语时，是它所修饰的名词所发出的动作，和此名词之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；而动名词作定语时，是用来说明其所修饰的名词的功能、性质、作用等，相当于一个“for”短语。
比较：a swimming fish = a fish which is swimming (现在分词) 一条游泳的鱼
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming(动名词) 一个游泳池
a walking man = a man who is walking(现在分词) 一个正在行走的人
a walking stick = a stick for walking(动名词) 一根拐杖
a sleeping cat = a cat which is sleeping(现在分词) 一只睡觉的猫
a sleeping car = a car for sleeping(动名词) 一节卧车车厢
a writing girl = a girl who is writing(现在分词) 一个在写字的女孩
some writing paper = some paper for writing(动名词) 一些书写纸
a standing tree = a tree which stands (there)(现在分词) 一棵参天大树
standing room = room for standing(动名词) 立足之地
working people = people who work 劳动人民
working method = method for working 工作方法
Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred.
在1850年到1910年之间，野牛的数量从6千万头降到只有几百头了。
点拨:本句话相当于 People think that between 1850 and 1910 the bison population fell from 60 million to just a few hundred.也可以说 It is thought that between 1850 and 1910 the bison population fell from 60 million to just a few hundred.
e.g.1.The first settlers on the plains of
=It is thought that the first settlers on the plains of
=People think that the first settlers on the plains of
美洲平原上的第一批定居者被认为是美洲土著人。
另外，类似的句型还有 It is said that… 据说；It is reported that… 据报道；It is suggested that 有人建议；It is believed that…人们认为……
e.g.2.It is said that the Roses are very good.
=The Roses are said to be very good.
=People say that the Roses are very good.
据说“玫瑰花”乐队很棒。
点拨:“to have fallen”是不定式的完成形式，表示不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前。
e.g.1.I am glad to have met him.
=I met him and I feel glad.我很高兴遇见了他。
e.g.2.He pretended to have read the book.
=He pretended that he had read the book.他假装读过这本书。
译一译：
1.她好像已经完成了她的工作。
2.据说他们赢得了比赛。
答案：1.She seems to have finished her work.
=It seems that she finished her work.
2.They are said to have won the game.
=It is said that they won the game.=People say that they won the game.
The ground supported fewer plants,and the insects which lived on these plants died out.
地上长的植物少了，生活在这些植物上的昆虫就灭绝了。
点拨:live on/upon“以……为主食、靠……生活”
e.g.1.Our family lived mainly on the earnings of my elder sister.
我们家主要靠我姐姐挣钱生活。
e.g.2.It is clear that one can not live upon air.很清楚，人不能靠喝西北风生活。
比较：feed on 以……为食
e.g.3.Cattle feed mainly on grass.牛主要以草为食。
点拨:短语“die out”的意思是“灭绝、绝种、熄灭”等。(其中 die 是不及物动词)
e.g.1.These animals have already died out.这类动物已经灭绝了。
e.g.2.The fire died out.火熄灭了。
注:die off 也可以表示“绝种”，但它的意思是“一个个死掉”。
e.g.3.The species is dying off.这种动物快要绝种了。
die away 消逝、停息
die down (慢慢地)熄灭、平静下来
die from 因……而死(灾难、事故等间接原因)
die of 死于、因……而死(饥饿、疾病、悲伤等)
This in turn had an effect on the food supply for wolves.
这样又影响了狼的食物供应。
点拨:in turn 的意思是“轮流地、依次地、一个接一个地、接连地”，其中 turn 是名词。
e.g.The boys were summoned in turn to see the examiner.
男孩子们被依次召进去会见考试官。
名词 turn 构成的常用短语还有:
at every turn 经常地、不时地
by turns 轮流地、轮替地、依次地
out of turn 不按顺序地、在规定时间之前或之后
take turns (at sth.)/take turns about/take turns to do sth.轮流做某事
考考你：
用at every turn,by turns,out of turn,take turns的正确形式填空：
1.They laughed and cried .
2.You mustn’t speak .
3.Mary and Helen at sitting up with their sick mother.
4.I’ve been coming across old friends during this reunion.
答案：1.by turns 2.out of (your) turn 3.took turns 4.at every turn
点拨：have an effect on/upon 对……有影响；对……起作用 (effect 前可以用形容词修饰)
e.g.1.These agreements have an effect on both the buyer and the seller.
这些协议对买卖双方都起作用。
e.g.2.The cold in spring usually has a bad effect on the growth of plants.
春寒通常对植物的生长不利。
写作指导:
这样的写作题要求学生要有读图的能力。要先根据图表，找出需要的数据，然后再组织成一篇文章。本题的关键是从性别和年龄两个指标寻找必要的信息，然后再组成文。下面的提示会帮助你构思:
Less than 6% of all heart attacks occur…
The number of women who suffer heart attacks…
The proportion of men and women with heart attacks…
Over 420 000 men a year…
Over the age of 65, the number of men suffering heart attacks…
In conclusion, men…,but women…
非谓语动词 (Non-finite verbs) 2
非谓语动词的独立结构:如果非谓语动词的动作的发出者或承受者和主句的主语无关时，就要让该非谓语动词带上它的逻辑主语，这叫做独立结构。
e.g.1.The train being late,we missed the plane.
由于火车晚点，我们没有能赶上飞机。
e.g.2.The boy’s coming late to school,the teacher got very angry.
这个男孩上学又迟到了，老师非常生气。
e.g.3.Would you mind my/me closing the window?你介不介意我把窗户关上？
注意:非谓语动词的独立结构的逻辑主语用名词所有格、形容词性物主代词或宾格人称代词，但无生命的名词不能用所有格形式，而直接用名词。
e.g.4.The students are very glad of this term being over.
学期结束了，孩子们都很高兴。